ECHO Autism Research
Autism
The ECHO Program’s nationwide research network follows more than 64,000 children and families from pregnancy and birth through adolescence. It allows investigators to study a wide range of children to understand better the factors that may influence the development of autism-related traits, including in those without a diagnosis.
Resources
Visit these government sites to learn more about chemical exposure initiatives.
QUESTIONS
For more information, please email the NIH at NIHKidsandEnvironment@od.nih.gov.
For media inquiries or to request an interview, contact Rebekah Yeager at rebekah.yeager@nih.gov.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental condition affecting social interaction, communication, learning, and behavior. In 2020, an estimated 1 in 36 8-year-old children had ASD. It is nearly four times more common in boys than girls and occurs across all racial and ethnic groups. ECHO researchers examine various potential influences, including prenatal diet, chemical exposures, biological factors, and gestational and postpartum conditions.
What We're Learning
Since its launch, the ECHO Program has published more than 2,000 research articles on a wide range of child health topics. Within this body of work, many studies have examined autism spectrum disorder and autism-related traits.
Here are some research highlights:
Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution Associated with Higher Risk for Autism-related Outcomes, ECHO Study Finds
June 2025
Higher prenatal exposure to ozone, fine particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide was linked to increased autism-related traits and ASD risk.
Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Esters Associated with Increased Autism-Related Outcomes, ECHO Study Finds
June 2025
Prenatal exposure to certain flame-retardant chemicals was modestly linked to autism-related traits and diagnosis in children.
Black Children and Especially Black Girls May Be Less Likely to Receive an Autism Diagnosis
January 2025
Black children—especially girls—may be underdiagnosed with autism despite showing similar or higher levels of autism-related traits.
Children with Autism Are More Likely to Experience Emotional & Behavioral Challenges Like Anxiety, Depression, & ADHD
January 2025
Higher Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores among children with ASD indicate a possible connection to greater emotional and behavior problems overall—including depression, anxiety, and ADHD—compared to children without ASD.
Fish But Not Supplements Consumed in Pregnancy Associated With Lower Rates of Autism Diagnosis And Related Traits, ECHO Cohort Study Finds
September 2024
Fish consumption during pregnancy was associated with a 20% lower likelihood of ASD diagnosis and fewer autism-related traits in offspring.