parabens

Young Children Show Widespread Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, ECHO Study Finds

Posted on by Jodi Snare

Children had higher levels of certain replacement chemicals compared to their mothers during pregnancy.

Young children are exposed to a wide range of environmental chemicals, including some emerging and replacement chemicals, according to ECHO Cohort research measuring early childhood exposures. This study found that children aged 2 to 4 years often had higher levels of certain chemicals compared to their mothers during pregnancy, highlighting potential risks for future health.

Researchers measured 111 different chemicals in urine samples from 201 children and their mothers from six ECHO Cohort study sites across the United States. More than half of the children’s samples contained multiple chemicals, such as environmental phenols, pesticides, phthalates, and markers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Approximately 34 chemicals were found in over 90% of the samples, including nine of which have not been included in U.S. national biomonitoring.

Compared to their mothers, children showed higher levels of chemicals like bisphenol S (BPS), used in hard plastics and synthetic fibers, and compounds related to pesticides. By contrast, mothers had higher levels of chemicals such as triclosan and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), which are found in some soaps and cosmetics.

“Finding so many chemicals detected in over 90% of young children reinforces the concern that our children are being exposed to a sea of potentially harmful compounds from their earliest years, with little parents can do to protect them”, said Deborah Bennett, PhD of the University of California, Davis.

Over time, exposures to chemicals like triclosan, parabens, phthalates, and PAHs have become less common, likely due to regulations and bans. However, replacement chemicals such as DINCH—a phthalate substitute in some plastics—and certain pesticides have been increasingly detected.

This collaborative research, titled “Early Childhood Exposures to Environmental Chemicals in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Consortium,” is published in Environmental Science & Technology.

Young Children May Be Exposed to a Variety of Emerging Chemicals Found in Some Consumer Products

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Young Children May Be Exposed to a Variety of Emerging Chemicals Found in Some Consumer Products

Author(s): Jiwon Oh, Deborah H. Bennett, et al.

 

Who sponsored this study?

The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health supported this research.

 

Why was this study needed?

Over time, exposure to chemicals like triclosan, parabens, phthalates, and PAHs became less common, likely because of new rules and bans on their use. However, replacement chemicals—like DINCH, a chemical that has replaced phthalates in some plastic products—and some pesticides have been showing up more often in later years. Exposure to multiple chemicals during pregnancy and early childhood is a concern because these are critical stages of development when children are more vulnerable to harm. Such exposures can increase their risk of health problems later in life. There is limited data tracking young children’s – 2 to 4 years - exposure to environmental chemicals compared to older children. Prenatal and early-life exposure to these chemicals can increase the risk of multiple adverse child health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate early childhood exposures to a variety of environmental chemicals.

 

What were the study results?

Scientists measured 111 different chemicals in urine samples from young children and their mothers during pregnancy. More than half of the samples contained chemicals such as environmental phenols, pesticides, phthalates, and chemical markers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). About 34 chemicals were found in over 90% of the total samples. Compared to their mothers during pregnancy, children had higher amounts of certain chemicals, like bisphenol S (BPS)—a chemical used in some hard plastics and synthetic fibers as a replacement for BPA—and pesticide-related compounds. On the other hand, mothers had higher levels of chemicals like triclosan and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), markers of exposure to chemicals found in some consumer products like soaps and cosmetics.

Certain groups of children, such as younger kids, later-born siblings, and those from families with fewer resources, were exposed to higher levels of chemicals.

 

What was the study's impact?

This study suggests that young children may be exposed to a variety of emerging and replacement chemicals that may affect their health later in life. Continued monitoring in larger populations of young children can help researchers better understand how these exposures affect children’s long-term health.

 

Who was involved?

The study included 201 children aged 2-4 years and their mothers recruited from six ECHO Cohort study sites across the United States.

 

What happened during the study?

Researchers collected urine samples from each child and their mother during pregnancy. These samples were analyzed for the levels of 111 different chemicals related to environmental exposures. The concentrations of these chemicals were compared between child and prenatal maternal samples. The researchers also examined social and environmental factors that may have influenced the concentration of each chemical in children's urine samples, such as race, ethnicity, maternal education, maternal age, and neighborhood opportunity.

Footnote: Results reported here are for a single study. Other or future studies may provide new information or different results. You should not make changes to your health without first consulting your healthcare professional.

 

What happens next?

Additional studies tracking early childhood exposures to a variety of contemporary and emerging chemicals could help researchers better understand the potential effects these exposures may have on children’s short and long-term health.

 

Where can I learn more?

Access the full journal article, titled “Exposures to Contemporary and Emerging Chemicals Among Children Aged 2-4 Years in the United States Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort,” in Environmental Science & Technology.

 

The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Published June 30, 2025

 

Read the associated article.

 

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Young Children May Be Exposed to a Variety of Emerging Chemicals Found in Some Consumer Products

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Prenatal Exposure to Phenols and Parabens Appear to Be Higher Among Minority Populations, ECHO Study Finds

Posted on by Jodi Snare

Pregnant women in Hispanic and Black communities may experience greater prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including environmental phenols (EPs) and parabens, according to a study funded by the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

EDCs are commonly encountered during pregnancy through everyday items such as plastics, food packaging, and personal care products. Although these products break down quickly in the body, EDCs can cross the placenta and accumulate in fetal tissue. Prenatal exposure has been linked to pregnancy complications, developmental challenges, and long-term health risks.

The findings revealed significant differences in chemical exposure levels based on race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants had higher levels of certain EPs compared to non-Hispanic White participants. For example, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants showed elevated levels of paradichlorobenzene—a chemical found in mothballs, fumigants, and air fresheners. Non-Hispanic Black participants also had higher levels of parabens, commonly used as preservatives in processed foods and personal care items.

“These findings indicate that pregnant individuals from different racial and ethnic backgrounds experience varying levels of exposure to potentially harmful chemicals,” said Michael S. Bloom, PhD, of George Mason University. “Understanding these differences is crucial for evaluating their effects on maternal and fetal health and identifying the underlying causes can inform effective interventions.”

Researchers analyzed urine samples from 4,006 pregnant participants across 11 ECHO Cohort Study Sites, representing Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other, and non-Hispanic White individuals.

Low-income and minority communities may face heightened exposure due to factors like proximity to industrial facilities and limited access to a broad range of consumer products and fresh foods, researchers noted in the study.

This collaborative research was published in the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

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Bloom, M.S., Upadhyaya, S., Nzegwu, A.W. et al. Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and parabens in the ECHO Cohort. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-025-00750-w

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Prenatal Exposure to Phenols and Parabens Higher Among Minority Populations, ECHO Study Finds

<< Back to Research Summaries

Prenatal Exposure to Phenols and Parabens Higher Among Minority Populations, ECHO Study Finds

Authors: Michael S. Bloom, Adaeze Wosu Nzegwu, et al.

 

Who sponsored this study?

The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, National Institutes of Health supported this research.

 

Why was this study needed?

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as environmental phenols (EPs) and parabens, is common during pregnancy through everyday products like plastics, food packaging, and personal care items. These chemicals can cross the placenta and, despite their short breakdown time in the body, EPs are often detected in human tissue. Prenatal exposure has been linked to risks such as pregnancy complications, developmental issues, and long-term health problems, particularly in underserved populations. Low-income and minority communities may face higher exposure to chemicals like EPs due to closer proximity to factories and waste facilities, as well as limited access to a broader range of consumer products and fresh foods. This study investigated racial and ethnic differences in prenatal exposure to EPs and parabens across the U.S., addressing the limitations of earlier, smaller studies that did not fully explore these differences among pregnant women.

 

 

What were the study results?

Urinary levels of most EPs examined varied significantly by race and ethnicity, with non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants having higher levels of certain EPs than non-Hispanic White participants. Specifically, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants had higher average levels of a chemical that comes from paradichlorobenzene in their urine compared to non-Hispanic White participants. Paradichlorobenzene is found in mothballs, fumigants, and air fresheners, and it is mainly inhaled. Non-Hispanic Black participants also had higher levels of specific parabens, which are preservatives used in processed foods and personal care products. These chemicals can be absorbed through eating or using such products.

 

What was this study's impact?

The study highlighted the disproportionately high levels of exposure to EPs among pregnant racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S.

 

Who was involved?

The study included 4,006 pregnant participants from 11 ECHO Cohort Study Sites across the U.S., representing various racial/ethnic identities, including Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other, and non-Hispanic White individuals.

 

What happened during the study?

The study analyzed 7,854 urine specimens collected during pregnancy. Researchers measured the levels of 10 different urinary EPs.

Footnote: Results reported here are for a single study. Other or future studies may provide new information or different results. You should not make changes to your health without first consulting your healthcare professional.

 

What happens next?

Further studies could examine the sources of these exposure differences.

 

Where can I learn more?

Access the full journal article, titled “Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and parabens in the ECHO Cohort,” in the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

 

The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Published February 15, 2025

 

Access the associated press release.

Download this summary

Prenatal Exposure to Phenols and Parabens Higher Among Minority Populations, ECHO Study Finds